1	The aim of this site

2	German does not always sound the same

3.1	German dialects
3.2	Phonetic system of German language
3.2.1	The sound r
3.2.2	The sound v and w
3.2.3	The Umlauts ä, ö, ü
3.2.4	The sound sch
3.2.5	The sound ch
3.2.6	The sound ß
3.2.7	What's a vowel?
3.2.8	Long and short vowels
3.2.8.1	ie for the long i
3.2.8.2	aa for the long a
3.2.8.3	h after a vowel means a long vowel
3.2.8.4	Without any sign
3.2.8.5	If after a vowel there is ß the vowel is long
3.2.8.6	Two consonants may indicate a short vowel
3.2.9	Diphthongs: ei, ai, au
3.2.10	The sound z
3.2.11	The sound tz
3.3	Summary of the phonetic system of German language \| first part \| second part \| third part
3.4	vocabulary \| first part \| second part \| third part

4.1	Subject of a phrase
4.2	Personal pronouns in basic form (nominative)

5.1	English conjugation
5.2.0	German conjugation - weak verbs
5.2.1	German conjugation - strong verbs
5.2.2	German conjugation - irregular verbs
5.3	Exercise - German conjugation

6.1	Articles in basic form (nominative)
6.2	Exercise - translate these phrase into German

7.1	Formation of the plural
7.1.1	Without change of vowel - e
7.1.2	Without change of vowel - (e)n
7.1.3	Without change of vowel - er
7.1.4	Without change of vowel - s
7.2.1	With change of vowel - e
7.2.2	With change of vowel - er
7.2.3	With change of vowel - (e)n
7.3	Without any change
7.4	Words with a strange plural form
7.5	Exercise - formation of plural

8.1	First phrases
8.2	Exercise

9.1	Why use declension?
9.2	The direct object - Accusative
9.3	The possessive object - Genitive
9.4	The indirect object - Dative
9.5	Comparison English vs. German system
9.6	Different types of declensions
9.6.1	Different types of declension - without change of vowel
9.6.2	Different types of declension - with change of vowel in plural
9.6.3	Different types of declension - with -s and -en
9.6.4	Different types of declension - with -s and -e
9.7	Examples
9.7.1	Examples with Genitive
9.7.2	Examples with Dative
9.7.3	Examples with Accusative
9.7.4	Other issues related to the declension
9.8	Exercise - declension

10.1	Personal pronouns - an introduction
10.2	declension of personal pronouns
10.3	Position of direct and indirect object
10.4	Position of elements in a phrase
10.5	Change of the position with substitution of an object with personal pronouns
10.6	Vocabulary
10.7.1	Exercise 1: conjugate these verbs
10.7.2	Exercise 2: substitute the indirect object with the corresponding pronoun
10.7.3	Exercise 3: substitute the direct object with the corresponding pronoun
10.7.4	Exercise 4: substitute the indirect and the direct object with the corresponding pronouns
10.7.5	Exercise 5: translate these phrases

11.1	What's an indefinite article?
11.2	declension of indefinite articles
11.3.1	Exercise 1: insert the corresponding indefinite article
11.3.2	Exercise 2: insert the corresponding definite and indefinite articles
11.3.3	Exercise 3: decline the following nouns

12.1	Most common way of German negation
12.2	Alternative ways of negation
12.3	Double negation
12.4	Negation with keiner and negation with nicht
12.4.1	Negation of intransitive verbs (always with nicht)
12.4.2	Negation of transitive verbs
12.4.3	Position of nicht
12.5	declension of keiner
12.5.1	declension of keiner as adjective
12.5.2	declension of keiner as noun
12.6	keiner as adjectival pronoun and as substantival pronoun
12.7	keiner and niemand
12.8	declension of niemand
12.9	Opposite of niemand
12.10	Differences every(body / -one), Somebody, anybody
12.10.1	Comparison jeder, irgendwer / irgendwen and jeder einzelne
12.10.2	Somebody corresponds with jemand, irgendjemand or irdendwer
12.10.3	Every, every single one and anyone
12.11	declension of jeder
12.11.1	declension of jeder and alle as adjective
12.11.2	declension of jeder and alle as noun
12.11.3	Comparison of declensions of ein, kein, jede, alle
12.12	A short reflection on Genitive (possessive object)
12.13.1	Exercise 1: change these phrases from affirmative into negative phrases
12.13.2	Exercise 2: choose the correct pronoun
12.13.3	Exercise 3: How would you translate these phrases?
12.13.4	Exercise 4: decline these words with the definite article
12.13.5	Exercise 5: choose the correct option of possessive pronouns

13.1	What are prepositions?
13.2	Different preposition require different declensions
13.2.1	Prepositions that require Accusative
13.3.2	Prepositions that require Dative
13.2.3	Prepositions that require Genitive
13.3	Exercise: Some preposition

14.1	The conjunction - an introduction
14.2	Some important conjunctions
14.2.1	Some important conjunctions - dass
14.2.2	Some important conjunctions - aber
14.2.3	Some important conjunctions - obwohl
14.2.4	Some important conjunctions - wenn
14.2.5	Some important conjunctions - damit
14.3	Change of the position of the verb
14.3.1	No change of position of the verb
14.3.2	Verb moves at the end of the phrase
14.3.3	Verb moves behind the conjunction
14.4	Summary
14.5	declension - a repetition
14.6	Exercise
14.6.1	Exercise 1: declension with articles I
14.6.2	Exercise 2: declension with articles II
14.6.3	Exercise 3: declension with keiner
14.6.4	Exercise 4: negation
14.6.5	Exercise 5: How would you translate these phrases?
14.6.6	Exercise 6: position of the verb after conjunctions

15.1	Past tenses - an introduction
15.2	Simple past / Imperfect (= Präteritum)
15.2.1	Imperfect of weak verbs
15.2.2	Imperfect of strong verbs
15.2.2.1	a) Strong verbs without a change of vowel
15.2.2.2	b) Strong verbs with change of vowel
15.2.3	Use of imperfect
15.3	Present Perfect / Perfekt
15.3.1	Formation of Present Perfect
15.3.1.1	Perfect participle - group a
15.3.1.2	Perfect participle - group b
15.3.1.3	Perfect participle - group c
15.3.1.4	Perfect participle - group d
15.3.1.5	Summary on formation of participle
15.3.2	How do I know how to form the Perfect participle?
15.3.3	Use of the present Perfect in German
15.4	Regulation according to the Duden
15.5	Past Perfect / Plusquamperfekt
15.5.1	Formation of past Perfect
15.6	The negation of phrases in present or past Perfect have a modal verb / position of nicht
15.7	Summary - word order
15.8	Compound verbs
15.9.1	Exercise 1: conjugation of past tenses
15.9.2	Exercise 2: phrases in present Perfect
15.9.3	Exercise 3: phrases in imperfect
15.9.4	Exercise 4: phrases in past Perfect
15.9.5	Exercise 5: verbs with irregular perfect participle
15.9.6	Exercise 6: present Perfect of intransitive verbs
15.9.7	Exercise 7: past Perfect with intransitive verb
15.9.8	Exercise 8: change these affirmative phrases into negative ones
15.9.9	Exercise 9: form the imperfect, present and past perfect of theses phrases
15.9.10	Exercise 10: conjugation of compound verbs

16.0	Possessive pronouns - an introduction
16.1	Possessive pronouns - an overview
16.1.1	Adjectival Possessive pronouns
16.1.1.1	declension of mein (1st person singular)
16.1.1.2	declension of dein (2nd person singular)
16.1.1.3	declension of sein and ihr (3rd person singular)
16.1.1.3.1	declension of sein (3rd person singular masculine)
16.1.1.3.2	declension of ihr (3rd person singular feminine)
16.1.1.4	declension of unser (1st person plural)
16.1.1.5	declension of euer (2nd person plural)
16.1.1.6	declension of ihr (3rd person plural)
16.2	All adjectival possessive pronouns together
16.3	Substantival possessive pronouns
16.3.1	declension of mein (1st person singular)
16.3.2	declension of dein (2nd person singular)
16.3.3	declension of sein and ihr (3rd person singular)
16.3.3.1	declension of sein (3rd person singular masculine form)
16.3.3.2	declension of ihr (3rd person singular feminine form)
16.3.4	declension of unser (1st person plural)
16.3.5	declension of euer (2nd person plural)
16.3.6	declension of ihre (3rd person plural)
16.4	All substantival Possessive pronouns - an overview
16.5	Comparison all Possessive pronouns
16.6.1	Exercise 1: adjectival Possessive pronouns
16.6.2	Exercise 2: substantival Possessive pronouns

17.0	Reflexive pronouns
17.1	Formation of reflexive pronouns without direct object
17.2	Formation of reflexive pronouns with direct object
17.3	Reflexive pronoun or direct / indirect object?
17.4	Arguments con
17.5	Arguments pro
17.6	Reflexives in German - no reflexives in English

18.	The verb werden
18.1	Description of a change
18.2	Conjugation of werden in German
18.3	Distinct words of change
18.4	Condition vs. change <=> sein vs werden
18.5	Werden to form the future
18.6	Werden to form the passive voice
18.6.1	Comparison of the verbs werden and sein
18.6.2	Formation of passive voice in German
18.6.3	Passive voice without subject
18.6.4	Comparison of the two passive voices (Vorgangs- vs. Zustandspassiv)
18.6.5	Alternative to passive voice in German
18.7	werden to form the future II
18.7.1	Future to express doubts
18.8.1	Exercise 1: werden expresses changes
18.8.2	Exercise 2: passive voice (Vorgangspassiv)
18.8.3	Exercise 3: passive voice (Zustandspassiv)
18.8.4	Exercise 4: future I and future II
18.8.5	Exercise 5: the unknown subject: man
18.8.6	Repetition exercise 6: indefinite articles
18.8.7	Repetition exercise 7: definite articles
18.8.8	Repetition exercise 8: Possessive pronouns
18.8.9	Repetition exercise 9: compound verbs (with preposition)
18.8.10	Repetition exercise 10: prepositions

19.1	Conjunctive, conditional and reported speech
19.2	English conditional and German conditional
19.3	Formation of German conjunctive
19.3.1	Formation of conjunctive I
19.3.1.1	Exception: verb sein (to be)
19.3.1.2	Modal verbs
19.3.2	Formation of conjunctive II
19.3.2.1	Conjunctive II of strong verbs
19.3.2.2	Conjunctive II of weak verbs
19.3.2.3	Conjunctive II of modal verbs
19.3.3	Ambiguous forms
19.3.4	Compound tenses in conjunctive
19.3.4.1	Conjugation with a transitive verb (modal verb: sein)
19.3.4.2	Conjugation with an intransitive verb (modal verb: haben)
19.4.1	Reported speech an introduction
19.4.2	Conjunctive in reported speech
19.4.2.1	Rule number one
19.4.2.2	Rule number two
19.4.2.3	Rule number three
19.4.2.4	Rule number three 1/2 - conjunctive sounds weird or is simply unknown to the speaker
19.4.2.5	Reported speech without the conjunction dass
19.4.2.6	Reported speech in questions
19.4.2.7	Confusion between conjunctive I and conjunctive II
19.4.2.8	Do Germans speak good German?
19.4.3	Comparison of reported speech in English and in German
19.4.3.1	Introductory verb is in present tense
19.4.3.2	Introductory verb is in past tense
19.4.3.3	Summary of the comparison
19.5	Conditional phrases - an introduction
19.5.1	Irrealis of the past
19.5.2	Irrealis of the present
19.5.3	Realis of the present
19.6	Other uses of the conjunctive
19.6.1	Verbs that express hopes and insecurities
19.6.2	After certain phrases conjunctive can be used
19.6.3	Certain conjunctions can be used with conjunctive
19.6.4	conjunctive in exclamations
19.6.5	conjunctive to express politeness
19.7.1	Exercise 1: conjunctive, conditional and reported speech
19.7.2	Exercise 2: formation of conjunctives
19.7.3	Exercise 3: rules no 1, 2, 3 and 3 1/2
19.7.4	Exercise 4: reported speech I
19.7.5	Exercise 5: reported speech II
19.7.6	Exercise 6: reported speech III

20	More prepositions
20.1.1	ab = since, from (with Dative)
20.1.2	abgesehen davon / abgesehen von = besides, apart
20.1.3	abseits = apart (with Genitive)
20.1.4	abzüglich = less (with Genitive)
20.1.5	an = to, at, on (with Dative and Accusative)
20.1.6	angesichts = before, facing (with Genitive)
20.1.7	im Angesicht = before, in front of (with Genitive)
20.1.8	auf = über (with Dative)
20.1.9	aufgrund = thanks to, due to (with Genitive)
20.1.10	aufseiten = besides (with Genitive)
20.1.11	aus = from, of (with Dative)
20.1.12	ausschließlich = exclusively(with Accusative)
20.1.13	außer = apart from, except (with Dative)
20.1.14	außerhalb = outside of, not within (with Genitive)
20.1.15	bar = bar, without (with Genitive)
20.1.16	bei = by, with (with Dative)
20.1.17	beiderseits = both sides (with Genitive)
20.1.18	betreffs = referring to (with Genitive)
20.1.19	bezüglich = referring to (with Genitive)
20.1.20	binnen = within (with Dative)
20.1.21	bis = until (with Dative)
20.1.22	dank = thanks to (with Genitive)
20.1.23	diesseits = of this side (with Genitive)
20.1.24	durch = by, through (with Accusative)
20.1.25	einschließlich = inclusive (with Genitive)
20.1.26	entgegen = against ( with Genitive)
20.1.27	entlang = along (with Genitive)
20.1.28	entsprechend = according to (with Dative)
20.1.29	fern = far (with Genitive)
20.1.30	für = for (with Accusative)
20.1.31	gegen = against (with Accusative)
20.1.32	gegenüber = opposite (with Dative)
20.1.33	gelegentlich = to the occasion (with Genitive)
20.1.34	gemäß = according to (with Dative)
20.1.35	gen = towards (with Accusative)
20.1.36	halber = for (with Genitive)
20.1.37	hinsichtlich = respectively (with Genitive)
20.1.38	hinter = behind (with Dative)
20.1.39	in = in (with Accusative) o with Dative)
20.1.40	nach = to, towards, after (with Accusative)
20.1.41	infolge = in consequence of (with Genitive)
20.1.42	inklusive = inclusive (with Genitive)
20.1.43	inmitten = within (with Genitive)
20.1.44	innerhalb = within (with Genitive)
20.1.45	je = per (with Accusative)
20.1.46	jenseits = on the other side (with Genitivee)
20.1.47	kraft = through, due to (with Genitive)
20.1.48	längs = along (with Genitive)
20.1.49	mangels = for lack of (with Genitive)
20.1.50	mit = with (with Dative)
20.1.51	mithilfe = with help of (with Genitive)
20.1.52	mitsamt = with, through (with Genitive)
20.1.53	mittels = through (with Genitive)
20.1.54	nächst = close to (with Dative)
20.1.55	nahe = close to (with Dative)
20.1.56	namens = with name (with Dative)
20.1.57	neben = next (with Dative)
20.1.58	nebst = next to, with (with Accusative)
20.1.59	nördlich von = in the north of (with Genitive)
20.1.60	ob = because of (with Genitive)
20.1.61	oberhalb = above (with Genitive)
20.1.62	ohne = without (with Accusative)
20.1.63	östlich (von) = in the east of (with Genitive)
20.1.64	per = by, per (with Accusative)
20.1.65	pro = pro, in favour of (with Accusative)
20.1.66	samt = together with (with Dative)
20.1.67	seit = since, for (with Dative)
20.1.68	seitab = away from (with Genitive)
20.1.69	seitens = for part of (with Genitive)
20.1.70	statt = instead of (with Genitive)
20.1.71	trotz = despite of (with Genitive)
20.1.72	über = above, across, over (with Dative, Accusative)
20.1.73	um = at (with Accusative)
20.1.74	um ... willen = for (with Genitive)
20.1.75	unbeschadet = besides (with Dative)
20.1.76	unfern = near to (with Genitive)
20.1.77	ungeachtet = not taking into account (with Dative)
20.1.78	unter = below, under (with Dative)
20.1.79	unterhalb = below (with Genitive)
20.1.80	unweit = near, not far from (with Genitive)
20.1.81	vermittels = due to (with Genitive)
20.1.82	vermöge = due to ( with Genitive)
20.1.83	via = via (with Accusative)
20.1.84	voll = full of (with Genitive)
20.1.85	vonseiten = (with Genitive)
20.1.86	vor = in front of (with Dative)
20.1.87	vorbehaltlich = with the proviso that (with Dative)
20.1.88	während = during (with Genitive)
20.1.89	wegen = because of (with Dative)
20.1.90	westlich (von = in the west of (with Genitive)
20.1.91	wider = against (with Accusative)
20.1.92	zu = to (with Dative)
20.1.93	zufolge = according to (with Dative)
20.1.94	zugunsten = in favour of (with Genitive)
20.1.95	zulasten = charged to (with Dative)
20.1.96	zuliebe = for (somebody's sake) (with Dative)
20.1.97	zuungunsten = s.o. disadvantage (with Genitive)
20.1.98	zuwider = against (with Dative)
20.1.99	zuzüglich = plus (with Dative)
20.1.100	zwecks = with the aim (with Genitive)
20.1.101	zwischen = between (with Dative)
20.1.102	nach = according to (with Dative)
20.2	Verbs with a preposition
20.2.1	The verb maintains its semantic value
20.2.2	The verb loses its semantic value
20.3	Position of the preposition
20.3.1	With change of the position
20.3.2	Without change of the position
20.4.1	Exercise 1:
20.4.2	Exercise 2:
20.4.3	Exercise 3:
20.4.4	Exercise 4:

21.0	Modal verbs - an introduction
21.1	Conjugation of modal verbs with a plain verb
21.2	Modal verb in German
21.2.1	wollen = to want to
21.2.2	müssen = must, to have to
21.2.3	möchten = to like
21.2.4	dürfen = may
21.2.5	sollen = shall
21.2.6	nicht brauchen = to not need to
21.3.1	Exercise 1: modal verbs
21.3.2	Exercise 2: reported speech
21.3.3	Exercise 3: reported speech II
21.3.4	Exercise 4: translation
21.3.5	Exercise 5: modal verbs II

22.0	Conjunctions - an introduction
22.1	aber = but
22.2	aber allein = but only
22.3	aber auch = but also
22.4	aber selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case that
22.5	aber dennoch = but still
22.6	aber doch = but still
22.7	aber trotzdem = but even though
22.8	allein die Tatsache dass = the mere fact that
22.9	als = when
22.10	eher.... als dass = rather ... than, it's more likely that ... than
22.11	also = this means
22.12	anstatt = instead of
22.13	auch wenn = even if
22.14	bis = until
22.15	da = since
22.16	dass = that
22.17	denn = because
22.18	dennoch = anyway, still
22.19	deshalb = that's why
22.20	doch = but
22.21	ehe = before
22.22	entweder ... oder = either ... or
22.23	falls = if
22.24	gesetzt den Fall = in case
22.25	selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case
22.26	gleichwohl = anyway, still
22.27	im Falle dass = in case that
22.28	indem = by + gerund
22.29	insofern als = in this respect
22.30	und insofern = and in this respect
22.31	insoweit = insofar, as far as
22.32	je ... desto = the ... the
22.33	jedoch = but
22.34	nachdem = after
22.35	nun = now
22.36	nur = only
22.37	nur insoweit = only as far as
22.38	ob = whether
22.39	obgleich = even though, although
22.40	obschon = even though, although
22.41	obwohl = even though, although
22.42	obzwar = even though, although
22.43	oder = or
22.44	oder vielmehr = or rather
22.45	ohne = without
22.46	ohne dass = without that
22.47	seitdem = since
22.48	so... wie = as ... as
22.49	solange = as long as, while
22.50	sowie = as soon as, when
22.51	sodass = (so) that
22.52	sofern = as long as
22.53	sondern = but
22.54	sondern auch = but also
22.55	soweit = as far as
22.56	sowohl ... als auch = as well as
22.57	statt = instead
22.58	um zu = for
22.59	und = and
22.60	und da = and because
22.61	und daher = and therefore
22.62	und darum = and therefore
22.63	und dennoch = and still
22.64	und deshalb = and therefore
22.65	und deswegen = and therefore
22.66	und doch = and still
22.67	und so = and so
22.68	und somit = and so
22.69	und zudem = and in addition
22.70	und zwar = no literal translation
22.71	ungeachtet der Tatsache dass = notwithstanding the fact that
22.72	weil = because
22.73	wenn = if
22.74	wenn auch = although
22.75	wenngleich = even though, although
22.76	wenn... schon = if ... then
22.77	wohingegen = whereas
22.78	während = while
22.79	zu = to
22.80	zudem = additionally
22.81	zumal = especially as
22.82	warum = why
22.83	Summary
22.84	Exercise 1:
22.85	Exercise 2:
22.86	Exercise 3:

23.0	Relative clauses - an introduction
23.1	What's a relative pronoun?
23.2	What determines gender, number and declension of a relative pronoun?
23.3	Relative pronouns that are not declined
23.4	Relative pronouns - der, die, das
23.5	Relative clauses that determine places and times
23.6	Relative clauses that determine ideas
23.7	Alternative relative pronouns
23.8	Relative pronouns - wofür, womit, woran, worauf
23.9	Relative pronouns with prepositions
23.10.1	Exercise 1:
23.10.2	Exercise 2:
23.10.3	Exercise 3:
23.10.4	Exercise 4:
23.10.5	Exercise 5:

24.1	Adjectives - an introduction
24.2	declension of adjectives
24.2.1	declension of adjectives without articles
24.2.1.1	declension of an adjective before a neutral noun
24.2.1.2	declension of an adjective before a masculine noun
24.2.1.3	declension of an adjective before a feminine noun
24.2.1.4	Summary
24.2.1.5	Examples
24.2.2	declension of adjectives with indefinite articles
24.2.2.1	declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a neutral noun
24.2.2.2	declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a masculine noun
24.2.2.3	declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a feminine noun
24.2.2.4	Summary
24.2.2.5	Examples
24.2.3	Adjectives with definite articles
24.2.3.1	declension of an adjective with definite article before a neutral noun
24.2.3.2	declension of an adjective with definite article before a masculine noun
24.2.3.3	declension of an adjective with definite article before a feminine noun
24.2.3.4	Summary
24.2.3.5	Examples
24.2.4	Adjectives with personal pronouns
24.2.4.1	declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a neutral noun
24.2.4.2	declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a masculine noun
24.2.4.3	declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a feminine noun
24.2.4.4	Summary
24.2.4.5	Examples
24.3	Summary
24.4	Examples
24.5	declension of substantivated adjectives
24.5.1	What's a substantivated adjective?
24.5.2	declension of substantivated adjectives
24.6.1	Exercise 1:
24.6.2	Exercise 2:
24.6.3	Exercise 3:
24.6.4	Exercise 4:
24.6.5	Exercise 5:
24.6.6	Exercise 6:
24.6.7	Exercise 7:
24.6.8	Exercise 8:
24.6.9	Exercise 9:
24.6.10	Exercise 10:
24.6.11	Exercise 11:
24.6.12	Exercise 12:
24.6.13	Exercise 13:
24.6.14	Exercise 14:

25.0	Adverbs - an introduction
25.1	Adverbs are invariable (independent from gender, number, declension)
25.2	Adverb and their circumstances
25.4	Formation of adverbs
25.4.1	Types of adverbs
25.4.2	Adverbs of location
25.4.2.1	Adverbs of time
25.4.2.1.1	Adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.1.1	Absolute adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.1.2	gestern = yesterday
25.4.2.1.2	vorgestern = the day before yesterday
25.4.2.1.2.1	Relative adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.2.2	bereits = already
25.4.2.1.2.3	eben, soeben = just
25.4.2.1.2.4	vorhin = a little while ago
25.4.2.1.2.5	früher, damals = in those times, then
25.4.2.2	anfangs = in the beginning
25.4.2.2.1	Adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.1.1	Absolute adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.1.2	heute = today
25.4.2.2.2	heutzutage = nowadays
25.4.2.2.2.1	Relative adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.2.2	nun, jetzt = now
25.4.2.2.2.3	nun... endlich, jetzt.... endlich = finally
25.4.2.2.2.4	gerade = right now (to be doing something)
25.4.2.2.2.5	sofort = right now
25.4.2.3	gegenwärtig = at the moment
25.4.2.3.1	Adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.1.1	Absolute adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.1.2	morgen = tomorrow
25.4.2.3.2	übermorgen = the after tomorrow
25.4.2.3.2.1	Relative adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.2.2	bald, demnächst = shortly
25.4.2.3.2.3	danach *, hinterher = after
25.4.2.4	später = later
25.4.2.4.1	Adverbs indicating repetition
25.4.2.4.2	wieder = again
25.4.2.4.3	immer wieder = again and again
25.4.2.4.4	oft = often
25.4.2.4.5	ziemlich oft = quite often
25.4.2.6	öfter / oft = often
25.4.2.4.7	oftmals = often
25.4.2.4.8	mehrmals = repeatedly
25.4.2.4.9	immer, stets = always
25.4.2.4.10	ewig = always
25.4.2.4.11	nie, niemals = never
25.4.2.4.12	mittags = at noon, nachmittags = in the afternoon
25.4.2.4.13	endlich = finally
25.4.2.4.14	schließlich = finally
25.4.2.4.15	abends = in the evening
25.4.2.4.16	morgens = in the morning
25.4.3	nachts = in the night
25.4.3.1	Modal adverbs
25.4.3.1.1	Adverbs to be used only before adjectives or other adverbs
25.4.3.1.2	sehr = very
25.4.3.1.3	besonders = especially
25.4.3.1.4	außerordentlich = extraordinary
25.4.3.2	merkwürdig = strange, weird
25.4.3.2.1	Adverbs to be used only before verbs
25.4.3.2.2	sicher, bestimmt = surely
25.4.3.2.3	absichtlich = by purpose
25.4.3.2.4	versehentlich, aus Versehen = by accident
25.4.3.2.5	vermutlich, wahrscheinlich, möglicherweise, vielleicht* = probably, possibly
25.4.3.2.6	natürlich, gewiss*, sicher = naturally, surely
25.4.3.2.7	unbedingt, auf jeden Fall = in any case
25.4.3.3	gar nicht, überhaupt nicht = not at all
25.4.3.3.1	Adverbs to be used before an adverb, adjective or a verb
25.4.3.3.2	fast, beinahe = almost
25.4.3.3.3	kaum = hardly
25.4.3.3.4	nicht unbedingt = not necessarily
25.4.3.3.5	gewiss = surely
25.4.3.3.6	vorsichtshalber = as a precaution
25.4.3.3.7	vergebens, umsonst = in vain, for nothing
25.4.3.3.8	normalerweise = normally
25.4.3.3.9	schlimmstenfalls = at the worst
25.4.3.3.10	glücklicherweise = fortunately
25.4.3.3.11	verständlicherweise = understandably
25.4.3.3.12	bestenfalls = at the best
25.4.4	Pronominal adverbs
25.4.4.1	da + preposition
25.4.4.1.1	daran = with this
25.4.4.1.2	dafür = for this
25.4.4.1.3	dabei = with this
25.4.4.1.4	damit = with this
25.4.4.1.5	darüber = about this
25.4.4.1.6	darüber = above this
25.4.4.1.7	darum = about this
25.4.4.1.8	dadurch = by this
25.4.4.1.9	dagegen = against this
25.4.4.1.10	dazu = at this
25.4.4.2	wo + preposition
25.4.4.2.1	worauf
25.4.4.2.2	womit
25.4.4.2.3	wovon
25.4.4.2.4	wovor
25.4.4.2.5	wozu
25.5	Position of adverbs
25.6	Inversion of the position within the sentence
25.7	Adverbs with Dative
25.8	Adverbs with prepositions
25.8.1	beliebt bei = favored by
25.8.2	arm an = poor in
25.8.3	blass vor = pale because of
25.8.4	betroffen von = concerned
25.8.5	frei von = free of
25.8.6	eifersüchtig auf = jealous of
25.8.7	fähig zu = capable
25.8.8	bekümmert über = sorrowed by
25.8.9	begeistert sein = to be excited
25.8.10	entsetzt über = shocked by
25.8.11	besessen von = obsessed by
25.8.12	überzeugt sein von = to be convinced
25.8.13	verwundert über = surprised by
25.8.14	zufrieden mit = content with
25.8.15	interessiert an = interested in
25.8.16	schädlich für= bad vor
25.8.17	verwandt mit = related to
25.8.18	zurückhaltend gegenüber = reserved towards
25.8.19	stolz auf = proud of
25.9.1	Exercise 1:
25.9.2	Exercise 2:
25.9.3	Exercise 3:
25.9.4	Exercise 4:
25.9.5	Exercise 5:
25.9.6	Exercise 6:

26.0	Compound words
26.1	German language uses a lot compound words
26.2	Germans invent new words every day
26.2.1	Non-lexical compound words
26.2.2	Lexical compound words
26.3	Formation of compound words
26.3.1	Determinant and determinated
26.4.1	Exercise 1:
26.4.2	Exercise 2:
26.4.3	Exercise 3:
26.4.4	Exercise 4:
26.4.5	Exercise 5:
26.4.6	Exercise 6:

27.1	Inversion of the elements subject and verb under certain circumstances
27.2	Change of the word order to emphasise some points
27.3	Inversion if direct / indirect object is substituted with a pronoun
27.3.1	Direct object is substituted by a pronoun
27.3.2	Indirect object is substitute by a pronoun
27.3.3	Both objects are substituted by a pronoun
27.3.4	Word order in phrases with modal verbs
27.3.5	Word order in phrases with auxiliaries
27.4	Word order with adverbial qualifications
27.5	Word order if phrase starts with a subject
27.6	Word order if the phrase starts with an adverb, an adverbial qualification or a direct / indirect object
27.7	Word order with certain conjunctions
27.8	Word order in relative clauses
27.9	Word order if phrase starts with a verb
27.10	Summary

28.0	Interrogative phrases - an introduction
28.1	Interrogative phrases - type A
28.2	Interrogative phrases with Interrogative pronouns - type B
28.2.1	Interrogative pronouns in adjectival or substantival use
28.2.1.1	Wieviel? = How much?
28.2.1.1.1	As a substantival interrogative pronoun
28.2.1.1.2	As an adjectival interrogative pronoun
28.2.1.2	Welcher? = Which?
28.2.1.2.1	As a substantival interrogative pronoun
28.2.1.2.2	As an adjectival interrogative pronoun
28.2.2	Interrogative pronouns that are not used adjectivally
28.2.2.1	Was? = What?
28.2.2.2	Wann? = When?
28.2.2.3	Warum? = Why?
28.2.2.4	Wieso? = Why?
28.2.2.5	Wie? = How?
28.2.2.6	Wo? = Where?
28.2.2.7	Wer? = Who? / Wessen? = Whose? / Was? = What? / Wem? = Whom? / Wen? = Who?
28.2.3	declension of wieviel
28.2.3.1	Nominative / Accusative / Dative / Genitive of the Interrogative pronoun wieviele
28.2.3.1.1	Nominative
28.2.3.1.2	Accusative
28.2.3.1.3	Dative
28.2.3.1.4	Genitive
28.2.4	declension of welcher / welche / welches
28.3.1	Exercise 1:
28.3.2	Exercise 2:
28.3.3	Exercise 3:
28.3.4	Exercise 4:
28.3.5	Exercise 5:
28.3.6	Exercise 6:
28.3.7	Exercise 7:
28.3.8	Exercise 8:

29.1	Cardinal numbers
29.1.1	declension of cardinal numbers
29.1.2	declension of ein / eine
29.1.3	declension of zwei and drei
29.1.4	declension of Hunderte, Tausende
29.2	Ordinal numbers
29.2.1	declension of ordinal numbers
29.2.1.1	declension of ordinal numbers without articles
29.2.1.2	declension of ordinal numbers with indefinite articles
29.2.1.3	declension of ordinal numbers with definite articles
29.2.1.4	declension of ordinal numbers with pronoun
29.2.2	Plural of ordinals
29.3	Special constructions with numerals
29.3.1	Zwanziger / dreißiger / vierziger etc.
29.3.2	Zwanzigjährigen / dreißigjährigen / vierzigjährigen
29.3.3	Zu dritt, zu viert, zu fünft, zu sechst
29.3.4	Doppelt, dreifach, vierfach etc.
29.3.5	Beide = both, the two
29.3.5.1	declension of beide
29.4	Fractions
29.5	Expressions of calculation
29.6.1	Exercise 1:
29.6.2	Exercise 2:
29.6.3	Exercise 3:
29.6.4	Exercise 4:
29.6.5	Exercise 5:

30.0.	Time and Date - an introduction
30.1	Time - die Uhrzeit
30.2	Distinguish morning and afternoon
30.3	Summary
30.4	Asking the time
30.5	Giving the time with prepositions
30.6	Days of the week
30.7	Months
30.8	Months and prepositions
30.9	Date in letters
30.10	Date and prepositions
30.11	declension of the ordinal numbers in dates
30.12.1	Exercise 1:
30.12.2	Exercise 2:
30.12.3	Exercise 3:

31.1	Comparative
31.1.1	Comparative of adjectives
31.1.2	Comparative of adverbs
31.2	Superiority
31.2.1	Superiority of adjectives
31.2.1	Superiority of adverbs
31.3	Comparative in German
31.3.1	Comparative - the Superority
31.3.1.1	... of Adjectives
31.3.1.2	... of Adverbs
31.3.2	Comparative - the Equality
31.3.2.1	... of Adjectives
31.3.2.2	... of Adverbs
31.3.3	Comparative - the Subordination
31.3.3.1	... of Adjectives
31.3.3.2	... of Adverbs
31.4	Formation of comparatives
31.4.1	Regular comparative of adjectives
31.4.2	Comparative using Umlaut
31.4.3	Irregular comparative
31.4.4	Comparative using reductions
31.4.5	Comparative with double meaning
31.5	Superlative in German
31.5.1	Different uses of superlative in German
31.5.2	Superlative of superiority
31.5.2.1	Use as attributive adjective (with definite article)
31.5.2.2	Use as predicative adjective or substantivated adjective (with the preposition am)
31.5.3	Superlative of subordination
31.5.4	Elative
31.6	declension of comparatives and superlatives
31.6.1	declension of comparatives and superlatives with definite article
31.6.2	Summary of declension of comparartives and superlatives with definite article
31.6.3	declension of comparatives and superlatives with possessive pronouns
31.6.4	Summary of declension of comparatives with possessive pronouns
31.6.5	declension of comparatives and superlatives with demonstrative pronouns
31.7.1	Exercise 1:
31.7.2	Exercise 2:
31.7.3	Exercise 3:
31.7.4	Exercise 4:

32.0	Imperative - an introduction
32.1	Formation of the imperative in English
32.2	Formation of the imperative in German
32.3	Summary
32.3.1	Forms of imperative in second person singular
32.3.2	Forms of imperative in second person plural
32.3.3	Forms of imperative in adressing sb formally
32.4	No rule without excepcion
32.4.1	Irregular imperatives
32.4.2	Imperatives with -e
32.5	Reported speech and imperative
32.6	Negated imperative
32.7	Word order in an imperative sentence
32.8.1	Exercise 1:
32.8.2	Exercise 2:
32.8.3	Exercise 3:
32.8.4	Exercise 4:
32.8.5	Exercise 5:

33.0	Present participle in German
33.1	Formation of the present participle
33.2	Present participle in German and in English
33.3	Participle as substitution of a relative clause
33.4	Present participle in in adjectival use
33.5	Translation of a substantivated present participle
33.6	declension of present participles in adjectival use
33.7	Perfect participles
33.8	Differences between present and perfect participle
33.8.1	Present and perfect participle of intransitive verbs
33.8.2	Present and perfect participle of transitive verbs
33.8.3	Summary present and perfect participle
33.9	Participle constructions
33.10	Subject of main clause is different: absolute participle
33.10.1	Absolute participle as adverbial qualification of time
33.10.2	Absolute participle as adverbial qualification of mode
33.10.3	Other absolute participle
33.10.4	Summary: absolute participle
33.11	Perfect participle refers to subject of main clause
33.12	Present participle as attribute adjective
33.13	Substantivation of a participle
33.14	Constructions with infinitives
33.15	Substantivations of infinitives
33.15.1	beim + Infinitive
33.15.2	nach + Infinitive
33.15.3	vor + Infinitive
33.15.4	Substantivation without preposition
33.16	Infinitive + Preposition (um zu + infinitive, ohne zu + infinitive and anstatt zu + infinitive)
33.16.1	zu + Infinitive
33.16.2	um zu + Infinitive
33.16.3	anstatt zu + Infinitive
33.16.4	ohne zu + Infinitive
33.17	Construction: um zu + Infinitive and zum + Infintive
33.18	Infinitive constructions in ubordinate clauses beginning with dass (that)
33.19	Typical constructions with infinitive in English
33.20	Infinitive expressing obligation
33.21.1	Exercise 1:
33.21.2	Exercise 2:
33.21.3	Exercise 3:
33.21.4	Exercise 4:
33.21.5	Exercise 5:
33.21.6	Exercise 6:
33.21.7	Exercise 7:
33.21.8	Exercise 8:
33.21.9	Exercise 9:
33.21.10	Exercise 10:

34.0	Einleitung
34.1.1	Das Substantiv
34.1.1.1	...von Menschen
34.1.1.2	...von Tieren
34.1.1.3.	...von Pflanzen
34.1.1.4	... von Sachen oder Dingen
34.1.1.5	...als Namen von abstrakten Phänomenen
34.1.1.6	...von geographischen und politischen Einheiten
34.1.2	Mit Bindestrich zusammengesetzte Substantive
34.1.2.1	Ausnahmen
34.1.2.1.1	Ist das erste Wort so einer Zusammensetzung kein Substantiv, so schreibt man es trotzdem groß.
34.1.2.1.2	Ist das zweite Wort kein Substantiv, so wird es klein geschrieben, außer es handelt sich z.B. um ein substantiviertes Adjektiv
34.1.3	Bezeichnungen von Tageszeiten
34.1.4	Substantivierung
34.1.4.1	Substantivierte Adjektive
34.1.4.1.1	Vorangehende Wörter wie „alles, etwas, viel, nichts, wenig“ weisen auf die Substantivierung hin.
34.1.4.1.2	Die Großschreibung gilt auch in festen Wortgruppen
34.1.4.2	Pronomen, die als Substantive gebraucht werden
34.1.4.2.1	Normalerweise schreibt man Pronomen klein
34.1.4.2.2	Possessivpronomen können auch groß geschrieben werden
34.1.4.3	Zahladjektive
34.1.4.3.1	In der Regel werden diese Zahladjektive aber kleingeschrieben
34.1.4.4	Grundzahlen
34.1.4.4.1	unter einer Million
34.1.4.4.2	Ausnahmen
34.1.4.4.3	hundert, tausend, Dutzend
34.1.4.4.4	Bruch- und Ordnungszahlen
34.1.4.5	Adverbien
34.1.4.6	Präpositionen
34.1.4.7	Konjunktionen
34.1.4.7.1	Mehrteilige Konjunktionen
34.1.4.8	Interjektionen
34.1.4.9	Verben
34.1.4.10	Anrede
34.1.4.10.1	Du-Form
34.1.4.10.2	Höflichskeitsform Wörter, die aus Substantiven gebildet werden
34.1.5	Adverbien
34.1.5.1	bestimmte Adjektive, die mit „werden“ oder „sein“ verbunden sind
34.1.5.2	Präpositionen
34.1.5.3	Unbestimmte Pronomen und Numerale
34.1.5.4	Kleinschreibung gilt auch bei festen adverbialen Wendungen aus Präposition und undekliniertem Adjektiv
34.1.5.5	Ist das Adjektiv jedoch dekliniert, kann es sowohl groß als auch klein geschrieben werden.
34.1.5.5.1	Beziehen sich Adjektiv und Partizip mit Artikel auf ein vorangehendes Substantiv, so werden sie kleingeschrieben.
34.1.5.6	Superlative mit „am“ schreibt man klein, wenn man mit „wie“ fragen kann.
34.1.5.6.1	Adverbiale Wendungen mit „aufs“ oder „auf das“ und Superlativ, die man mit „wie“ erfragen kann, lassen beide Schreibweisen zu.
34.1.5.6.2	Eigennamen
34.2	Titel und Namen
34.2.1	Buch-, Film- oder Zeitschriftentitel
34.2.1.1	Strassennamen
34.2.1.2	Mehrteilige Namen
34.2.1.3	von geographischen Namen abgeleitete Wörter-er und -isch
34.2.1.4	Feste Begriffe
34.2.1.5	Satzanfänge

35.1	Allgemeine Erläuterunge zur Zeichensetzung
35.2	Der Punkt
35.2.1	als Satzschlusszeichen
35.2.1.1	Ausnahmen
35.2.1.1.1	Nach frei stehenden Zeilen, wie z.B. bei Überschriften, setzen wir keinen Punkt
35.2.1.1.2	Bei Grußzeilen
35.2.2	Nach Zahlen
35.2.3	Punkt nach Abkürzungen
35.2.3.1	Wenn diese Abkürzung am Satzende steht
35.2.3.2	Abkürzungen für Maßeinheiten
35.3	Das Komma
35.3.2	Bei Aufzählungen
35.3.2.1	Bei gleichrangigen Wörtern
35.3.2.2	Bei nicht gleichrangigen Adjektiven
35.3.3	Bei Datums-, Wohnungs-, Literaturangaben
35.3.4	Bei Konjunktionen
35.3.5	Bei Partizip- und Infinitivgruppen
35.3.5.1	Partizip- Infinitiv- und Adjektivgruppen können durch Kommas abgetrennt werden.
35.3.5.1.1	Kommaregeln bei Partizip- Infinitiv- und Adjektivgruppen
35.3.6	Bei Teilsätzen (selbständige Teilsätze und Nebensätze)
35.3.6.1	Teilsätze sind im Grunde genommen ganze Sätze, die nicht durch einen Punkt abgegrenzt werden, aber abgegrenzt werden könnten.
35.3.6.2	Eingeschobene Teilsätze werden durch Kommas abgetrennt.
35.3.6.3	Zwischen Haupt- und Nebensatz und zwischen aneinander gereihten Satzgliedern und Nebensätzen steht ein Komma. Auch hier gilt, dass eingeschobene Nebensätze von Kommas eingeschlossen werden.

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