19.1 Conjunctive, conditional and reported speech
19.2 English conditional and German conditional
19.3 Formation of German conjunctive
19.3.1 Formation of conjunctive I
19.3.1.1 Exception: verb sein (to be)
19.3.1.2 Modal verbs
19.3.2 Formation of conjunctive II
19.3.2.1 Conjunctive II of strong verbs
19.3.2.2 Conjunctive II of weak verbs
19.3.2.3 Conjunctive II of modal verbs
19.3.3 Ambiguous forms
19.3.4 Compound tenses in conjunctive
19.3.4.1 Conjugation with a transitive verb (modal verb: sein)
19.3.4.2 Conjugation with an intransitive verb (modal verb: haben)
19.4.1 Reported speech an introduction
19.4.2 Conjunctive in reported speech
19.4.2.1 Rule number one
19.4.2.2 Rule number two
19.4.2.3 Rule number three
19.4.2.4 Rule number three 1/2 - conjunctive sounds weird or is simply unknown to the speaker
19.4.2.5 Reported speech without the conjunction dass
19.4.2.6 Reported speech in questions
19.4.2.7 Confusion between conjunctive I and conjunctive II
19.4.2.8 Do Germans speak good German?
19.4.3 Comparison of reported speech in English and in German
19.4.3.1 Introductory verb is in present tense
19.4.3.2 Introductory verb is in past tense
19.4.3.3 Summary of the comparison
19.5 Conditional phrases - an introduction
19.5.1 Irrealis of the past
19.5.2 Irrealis of the present
19.5.3 Realis of the present
19.6 Other uses of the conjunctive
19.6.1 Verbs that express hopes and insecurities
19.6.2 After certain phrases conjunctive can be used
19.6.3 Certain conjunctions can be used with conjunctive
19.6.4 conjunctive in exclamations
19.6.5 conjunctive to express politeness
19.7.1 Exercise 1: conjunctive, conditional and reported speech
19.7.2 Exercise 2: formation of conjunctives
19.7.3 Exercise 3: rules no 1, 2, 3 and 3 1/2
19.7.4 Exercise 4: reported speech I
19.7.5 Exercise 5: reported speech II
19.7.6 Exercise 6: reported speech III
20 More prepositions
20.1.1 ab = since, from (with Dative)
20.1.2 abgesehen davon / abgesehen von = besides, apart
20.1.3 abseits = apart (with Genitive)
20.1.4 abzüglich = less (with Genitive)
20.1.5 an = to, at, on (with Dative and Accusative)
20.1.6 angesichts = before, facing (with Genitive)
20.1.7 im Angesicht = before, in front of (with Genitive)
20.1.8 auf = über (with Dative)
20.1.9 aufgrund = thanks to, due to (with Genitive)
20.1.10 aufseiten = besides (with Genitive)
20.1.11 aus = from, of (with Dative)
20.1.12 ausschließlich = exclusively(with Accusative)
20.1.13 außer = apart from, except (with Dative)
20.1.14 außerhalb = outside of, not within (with Genitive)
20.1.15 bar = bar, without (with Genitive)
20.1.16 bei = by, with (with Dative)
20.1.17 beiderseits = both sides (with Genitive)
20.1.18 betreffs = referring to (with Genitive)
20.1.19 bezüglich = referring to (with Genitive)
20.1.20 binnen = within (with Dative)
20.1.21 bis = until (with Dative)
20.1.22 dank = thanks to (with Genitive)
20.1.23 diesseits = of this side (with Genitive)
20.1.24 durch = by, through (with Accusative)
20.1.25 einschließlich = inclusive (with Genitive)
20.1.26 entgegen = against ( with Genitive)
20.1.27 entlang = along (with Genitive)
20.1.28 entsprechend = according to (with Dative)
20.1.29 fern = far (with Genitive)
20.1.30 für = for (with Accusative)
20.1.31 gegen = against (with Accusative)
20.1.32 gegenüber = opposite (with Dative)
20.1.33 gelegentlich = to the occasion (with Genitive)
20.1.34 gemäß = according to (with Dative)
20.1.35 gen = towards (with Accusative)
20.1.36 halber = for (with Genitive)
20.1.37 hinsichtlich = respectively (with Genitive)
20.1.38 hinter = behind (with Dative)
20.1.39 in = in (with Accusative) o with Dative)
20.1.40 nach = to, towards, after (with Accusative)
20.1.41 infolge = in consequence of (with Genitive)
20.1.42 inklusive = inclusive (with Genitive)
20.1.43 inmitten = within (with Genitive)
20.1.44 innerhalb = within (with Genitive)
20.1.45 je = per (with Accusative)
20.1.46 jenseits = on the other side (with Genitivee)
20.1.47 kraft = through, due to (with Genitive)
20.1.48 längs = along (with Genitive)
20.1.49 mangels = for lack of (with Genitive)
20.1.50 mit = with (with Dative)
20.1.51 mithilfe = with help of (with Genitive)
20.1.52 mitsamt = with, through (with Genitive)
20.1.53 mittels = through (with Genitive)
20.1.54 nächst = close to (with Dative)
20.1.55 nahe = close to (with Dative)
20.1.56 namens = with name (with Dative)
20.1.57 neben = next (with Dative)
20.1.58 nebst = next to, with (with Accusative)
20.1.59 nördlich von = in the north of (with Genitive)
20.1.60 ob = because of (with Genitive)
20.1.61 oberhalb = above (with Genitive)
20.1.62 ohne = without (with Accusative)
20.1.63 östlich (von) = in the east of (with Genitive)
20.1.64 per = by, per (with Accusative)
20.1.65 pro = pro, in favour of (with Accusative)
20.1.66 samt = together with (with Dative)
20.1.67 seit = since, for (with Dative)
20.1.68 seitab = away from (with Genitive)
20.1.69 seitens = for part of (with Genitive)
20.1.70 statt = instead of (with Genitive)
20.1.71 trotz = despite of (with Genitive)
20.1.72 über = above, across, over (with Dative, Accusative)
20.1.73 um = at (with Accusative)
20.1.74 um ... willen = for (with Genitive)
20.1.75 unbeschadet = besides (with Dative)
20.1.76 unfern = near to (with Genitive)
20.1.77 ungeachtet = not taking into account (with Dative)
20.1.78 unter = below, under (with Dative)
20.1.79 unterhalb = below (with Genitive)
20.1.80 unweit = near, not far from (with Genitive)
20.1.81 vermittels = due to (with Genitive)
20.1.82 vermöge = due to ( with Genitive)
20.1.83 via = via (with Accusative)
20.1.84 voll = full of (with Genitive)
20.1.85 vonseiten = (with Genitive)
20.1.86 vor = in front of (with Dative)
20.1.87 vorbehaltlich = with the proviso that (with Dative)
20.1.88 während = during (with Genitive)
20.1.89 wegen = because of (with Dative)
20.1.90 westlich (von = in the west of (with Genitive)
20.1.91 wider = against (with Accusative)
20.1.92 zu = to (with Dative)
20.1.93 zufolge = according to (with Dative)
20.1.94 zugunsten = in favour of (with Genitive)
20.1.95 zulasten = charged to (with Dative)
20.1.96 zuliebe = for (somebody's sake) (with Dative)
20.1.97 zuungunsten = s.o. disadvantage (with Genitive)
20.1.98 zuwider = against (with Dative)
20.1.99 zuzüglich = plus (with Dative)
20.1.100 zwecks = with the aim (with Genitive)
20.1.101 zwischen = between (with Dative)
20.1.102 nach = according to (with Dative)
20.2 Verbs with a preposition
20.2.1 The verb maintains its semantic value
20.2.2 The verb loses its semantic value
20.3 Position of the preposition
20.3.1 With change of the position
20.3.2 Without change of the position
20.4.1 Exercise 1:
20.4.2 Exercise 2:
20.4.3 Exercise 3:
20.4.4 Exercise 4:
22.0 Conjunctions - an introduction
22.1 aber = but
22.2 aber allein = but only
22.3 aber auch = but also
22.4 aber selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case that
22.5 aber dennoch = but still
22.6 aber doch = but still
22.7aber trotzdem = but even though
22.8 allein die Tatsache dass = the mere fact that
22.9 als = when
22.10 eher.... als dass = rather ... than, it's more likely that ... than
22.11 also = this means
22.12 anstatt = instead of
22.13 auch wenn = even if
22.14 bis = until
22.15 da = since
22.16 dass = that
22.17 denn = because
22.18 dennoch = anyway, still
22.19 deshalb = that's why
22.20 doch = but
22.21 ehe = before
22.22 entweder ... oder = either ... or
22.23 falls = if
22.24 gesetzt den Fall = in case
22.25 selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case
22.26 gleichwohl = anyway, still
22.27 im Falle dass = in case that
22.28 indem = by + gerund
22.29 insofern als = in this respect
22.30 und insofern = and in this respect
22.31 insoweit = insofar, as far as
22.32je ... desto = the ... the
22.33 jedoch = but
22.34 nachdem = after
22.35 nun = now
22.36 nur = only
22.37 nur insoweit = only as far as
22.38 ob = whether
22.39 obgleich = even though, although
22.40 obschon = even though, although
22.41 obwohl = even though, although
22.42 obzwar = even though, although
22.43 oder = or
22.44 oder vielmehr = or rather
22.45 ohne = without
22.46 ohne dass = without that
22.47 seitdem = since
22.48 so... wie = as ... as
22.49 solange = as long as, while
22.50 sowie = as soon as, when
22.51 sodass = (so) that
22.52 sofern = as long as
22.53 sondern = but
22.54 sondern auch = but also
22.55 soweit = as far as
22.56 sowohl ... als auch = as well as
22.57 statt = instead
22.58 um zu = for
22.59 und = and
22.60 und da = and because
22.61 und daher = and therefore
22.62 und darum = and therefore
22.63 und dennoch = and still
22.64 und deshalb = and therefore
22.65 und deswegen = and therefore
22.66 und doch = and still
22.67 und so = and so
22.68 und somit = and so
22.69 und zudem = and in addition
22.70 und zwar = no literal translation
22.71 ungeachtet der Tatsache dass = notwithstanding the fact that
22.72 weil = because
22.73 wenn = if
22.74 wenn auch = although
22.75 wenngleich = even though, although
22.76 wenn... schon = if ... then
22.77 wohingegen = whereas
22.78 während = while
22.79 zu = to
22.80 zudem = additionally
22.81 zumal = especially as
22.82 warum = why
22.83 Summary
22.84 Exercise 1:
22.85 Exercise 2:
22.86 Exercise 3:
24.1 Adjectives - an introduction
24.2 declension of adjectives
24.2.1 declension of adjectives without articles
24.2.1.1 declension of an adjective before a neutral noun
24.2.1.2 declension of an adjective before a masculine noun
24.2.1.3 declension of an adjective before a feminine noun
24.2.1.4 Summary
24.2.1.5 Examples
24.2.2 declension of adjectives with indefinite articles
24.2.2.1 declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a neutral noun
24.2.2.2 declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a masculine noun
24.2.2.3 declension of an adjective with indefinite article before a feminine noun
24.2.2.4 Summary
24.2.2.5 Examples
24.2.3 Adjectives with definite articles
24.2.3.1 declension of an adjective with definite article before a neutral noun
24.2.3.2 declension of an adjective with definite article before a masculine noun
24.2.3.3 declension of an adjective with definite article before a feminine noun
24.2.3.4 Summary
24.2.3.5 Examples
24.2.4 Adjectives with personal pronouns
24.2.4.1 declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a neutral noun
24.2.4.2 declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a masculine noun
24.2.4.3 declension of an adjective with personal pronoun before a feminine noun
24.2.4.4 Summary
24.2.4.5 Examples
24.3 Summary
24.4 Examples
24.5 declension of substantivated adjectives
24.5.1 What's a substantivated adjective?
24.5.2 declension of substantivated adjectives
24.6.1 Exercise 1:
24.6.2 Exercise 2:
24.6.3 Exercise 3:
24.6.4 Exercise 4:
24.6.5 Exercise 5:
24.6.6 Exercise 6:
24.6.7 Exercise 7:
24.6.8 Exercise 8:
24.6.9 Exercise 9:
24.6.10 Exercise 10:
24.6.11 Exercise 11:
24.6.12 Exercise 12:
24.6.13 Exercise 13:
24.6.14 Exercise 14:
25.0 Adverbs - an introduction
25.1Adverbs are invariable (independent from gender, number, declension)
25.2 Adverb and their circumstances
25.4 Formation of adverbs
25.4.1 Types of adverbs
25.4.2 Adverbs of location
25.4.2.1 Adverbs of time
25.4.2.1.1 Adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.1.1 Absolute adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.1.2 gestern = yesterday
25.4.2.1.2 vorgestern = the day before yesterday
25.4.2.1.2.1 Relative adverbs indicating past events
25.4.2.1.2.2 bereits = already
25.4.2.1.2.3 eben, soeben = just
25.4.2.1.2.4 vorhin = a little while ago
25.4.2.1.2.5 früher, damals = in those times, then
25.4.2.2 anfangs = in the beginning
25.4.2.2.1 Adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.1.1 Absolute adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.1.2 heute = today
25.4.2.2.2 heutzutage = nowadays
25.4.2.2.2.1 Relative adverbs indicating present events
25.4.2.2.2.2 nun, jetzt = now
25.4.2.2.2.3 nun... endlich, jetzt.... endlich = finally
25.4.2.2.2.4 gerade = right now (to be doing something)
25.4.2.2.2.5 sofort = right now
25.4.2.3 gegenwärtig = at the moment
25.4.2.3.1 Adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.1.1 Absolute adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.1.2 morgen = tomorrow
25.4.2.3.2 übermorgen = the after tomorrow
25.4.2.3.2.1 Relative adverbs indicating future events
25.4.2.3.2.2 bald, demnächst = shortly
25.4.2.3.2.3 danach *, hinterher = after
25.4.2.4 später = later
25.4.2.4.1 Adverbs indicating repetition
25.4.2.4.2wieder = again
25.4.2.4.3 immer wieder = again and again
25.4.2.4.4 oft = often
25.4.2.4.5 ziemlich oft = quite often
25.4.2.6 öfter / oft = often
25.4.2.4.7 oftmals = often
25.4.2.4.8 mehrmals = repeatedly
25.4.2.4.9 immer, stets = always
25.4.2.4.10 ewig = always
25.4.2.4.11 nie, niemals = never
25.4.2.4.12 mittags = at noon, nachmittags = in the afternoon
25.4.2.4.13 endlich = finally
25.4.2.4.14 schließlich = finally
25.4.2.4.15 abends = in the evening
25.4.2.4.16 morgens = in the morning
25.4.3 nachts = in the night
25.4.3.1 Modal adverbs
25.4.3.1.1 Adverbs to be used only before adjectives or other adverbs
25.4.3.1.2 sehr = very
25.4.3.1.3 besonders = especially
25.4.3.1.4 außerordentlich = extraordinary
25.4.3.2 merkwürdig = strange, weird
25.4.3.2.1 Adverbs to be used only before verbs
25.4.3.2.2 sicher, bestimmt = surely
25.4.3.2.3 absichtlich = by purpose
25.4.3.2.4 versehentlich, aus Versehen = by accident
25.4.3.2.5 vermutlich, wahrscheinlich, möglicherweise, vielleicht* = probably, possibly
25.4.3.2.6 natürlich, gewiss*, sicher = naturally, surely
25.4.3.2.7 unbedingt, auf jeden Fall = in any case
25.4.3.3 gar nicht, überhaupt nicht = not at all
25.4.3.3.1 Adverbs to be used before an adverb, adjective or a verb
25.4.3.3.2 fast, beinahe = almost
25.4.3.3.3 kaum = hardly
25.4.3.3.4 nicht unbedingt = not necessarily
25.4.3.3.5 gewiss = surely
25.4.3.3.6 vorsichtshalber = as a precaution
25.4.3.3.7 vergebens, umsonst = in vain, for nothing
25.4.3.3.8 normalerweise = normally
25.4.3.3.9 schlimmstenfalls = at the worst
25.4.3.3.10 glücklicherweise = fortunately
25.4.3.3.11 verständlicherweise = understandably
25.4.3.3.12 bestenfalls = at the best
25.4.4 Pronominal adverbs
25.4.4.1 da + preposition
25.4.4.1.1 daran = with this
25.4.4.1.2 dafür = for this
25.4.4.1.3 dabei = with this
25.4.4.1.4 damit = with this
25.4.4.1.5 darüber = about this
25.4.4.1.6 darüber = above this
25.4.4.1.7 darum = about this
25.4.4.1.8 dadurch = by this
25.4.4.1.9 dagegen = against this
25.4.4.1.10 dazu = at this
25.4.4.2 wo + preposition
25.4.4.2.1 worauf
25.4.4.2.2 womit
25.4.4.2.3 wovon
25.4.4.2.4 wovor
25.4.4.2.5 wozu
25.5 Position of adverbs
25.6 Inversion of the position within the sentence
25.7 Adverbs with Dative
25.8Adverbs with prepositions
25.8.1 beliebt bei = favored by
25.8.2 arm an = poor in
25.8.3 blass vor = pale because of
25.8.4 betroffen von = concerned
25.8.5 frei von = free of
25.8.6 eifersüchtig auf = jealous of
25.8.7 fähig zu = capable
25.8.8 bekümmert über = sorrowed by
25.8.9 begeistert sein = to be excited
25.8.10 entsetzt über = shocked by
25.8.11 besessen von = obsessed by
25.8.12 überzeugt sein von = to be convinced
25.8.13 verwundert über = surprised by
25.8.14 zufrieden mit = content with
25.8.15 interessiert an = interested in
25.8.16 schädlich für= bad vor
25.8.17 verwandt mit = related to
25.8.18 zurückhaltend gegenüber = reserved towards
25.8.19 stolz auf = proud of
25.9.1 Exercise 1:
25.9.2 Exercise 2:
25.9.3 Exercise 3:
25.9.4 Exercise 4:
25.9.5 Exercise 5:
25.9.6 Exercise 6:
33.0 Present participle in German
33.1 Formation of the present participle
33.2 Present participle in German and in English
33.3 Participle as substitution of a relative clause
33.4 Present participle in in adjectival use
33.5 Translation of a substantivated present participle
33.6 declension of present participles in adjectival use
33.7 Perfect participles
33.8 Differences between present and perfect participle
33.8.1 Present and perfect participle of intransitive verbs
33.8.2 Present and perfect participle of transitive verbs
33.8.3 Summary present and perfect participle
33.9 Participle constructions
33.10 Subject of main clause is different: absolute participle
33.10.1 Absolute participle as adverbial qualification of time
33.10.2 Absolute participle as adverbial qualification of mode
33.10.3 Other absolute participle
33.10.4 Summary: absolute participle
33.11 Perfect participle refers to subject of main clause
33.12 Present participle as attribute adjective
33.13 Substantivation of a participle
33.14 Constructions with infinitives
33.15 Substantivations of infinitives
33.15.1 beim + Infinitive
33.15.2 nach + Infinitive
33.15.3 vor + Infinitive
33.15.4 Substantivation without preposition
33.16 Infinitive + Preposition (um zu + infinitive, ohne zu + infinitive and anstatt zu + infinitive)
33.16.1 zu + Infinitive
33.16.2 um zu + Infinitive
33.16.3 anstatt zu + Infinitive
33.16.4 ohne zu + Infinitive
33.17 Construction: um zu + Infinitive and zum + Infintive
33.18 Infinitive constructions in ubordinate clauses beginning with dass (that)
33.19 Typical constructions with infinitive in English
33.20 Infinitive expressing obligation
33.21.1 Exercise 1:
33.21.2 Exercise 2:
33.21.3 Exercise 3:
33.21.4 Exercise 4:
33.21.5 Exercise 5:
33.21.6 Exercise 6:
33.21.7 Exercise 7:
33.21.8 Exercise 8:
33.21.9 Exercise 9:
33.21.10 Exercise 10:

34.0 Einleitung
34.1.1 Das Substantiv
34.1.1.1 ...von Menschen
34.1.1.2 ...von Tieren
34.1.1.3. ...von Pflanzen
34.1.1.4 ... von Sachen oder Dingen
34.1.1.5 ...als Namen von abstrakten Phänomenen
34.1.1.6 ...von geographischen und politischen Einheiten
34.1.2 Mit Bindestrich zusammengesetzte Substantive
34.1.2.1 Ausnahmen
34.1.2.1.1 Ist das erste Wort so einer Zusammensetzung kein Substantiv, so schreibt man es trotzdem groß.
34.1.2.1.2 Ist das zweite Wort kein Substantiv, so wird es klein geschrieben, außer es handelt sich z.B. um ein substantiviertes Adjektiv
34.1.3 Bezeichnungen von Tageszeiten
34.1.4 Substantivierung
34.1.4.1 Substantivierte Adjektive
34.1.4.1.1 Vorangehende Wörter wie „alles, etwas, viel, nichts, wenig“ weisen auf die Substantivierung hin.
34.1.4.1.2 Die Großschreibung gilt auch in festen Wortgruppen
34.1.4.2 Pronomen, die als Substantive gebraucht werden
34.1.4.2.1 Normalerweise schreibt man Pronomen klein
34.1.4.2.2 Possessivpronomen können auch groß geschrieben werden
34.1.4.3 Zahladjektive
34.1.4.3.1 In der Regel werden diese Zahladjektive aber kleingeschrieben
34.1.4.4 Grundzahlen
34.1.4.4.1 unter einer Million
34.1.4.4.2 Ausnahmen
34.1.4.4.3 hundert, tausend, Dutzend
34.1.4.4.4 Bruch- und Ordnungszahlen
34.1.4.5 Adverbien
34.1.4.6 Präpositionen
34.1.4.7 Konjunktionen
34.1.4.7.1 Mehrteilige Konjunktionen
34.1.4.8 Interjektionen
34.1.4.9 Verben
34.1.4.10 Anrede
34.1.4.10.1 Du-Form
34.1.4.10.2 Höflichskeitsform Wörter, die aus Substantiven gebildet werden
34.1.5 Adverbien
34.1.5.1 bestimmte Adjektive, die mit „werden“ oder „sein“ verbunden sind
34.1.5.2 Präpositionen
34.1.5.3 Unbestimmte Pronomen und Numerale
34.1.5.4 Kleinschreibung gilt auch bei festen adverbialen Wendungen aus Präposition und undekliniertem Adjektiv
34.1.5.5 Ist das Adjektiv jedoch dekliniert, kann es sowohl groß als auch klein geschrieben werden.
34.1.5.5.1 Beziehen sich Adjektiv und Partizip mit Artikel auf ein vorangehendes Substantiv, so werden sie kleingeschrieben.
34.1.5.6 Superlative mit „am“ schreibt man klein, wenn man mit „wie“ fragen kann.
34.1.5.6.1 Adverbiale Wendungen mit „aufs“ oder „auf das“ und Superlativ, die man mit „wie“ erfragen kann, lassen beide Schreibweisen zu.
34.1.5.6.2 Eigennamen
34.2 Titel und Namen
34.2.1 Buch-, Film- oder Zeitschriftentitel
34.2.1.1 Strassennamen
34.2.1.2 Mehrteilige Namen
34.2.1.3 von geographischen Namen abgeleitete Wörter-er und -isch
34.2.1.4 Feste Begriffe
34.2.1.5 Satzanfänge

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